1. What is the Apgar test?  What areas does it test?  What scores can be achieved and when is it administered?

►The Apgar test tests a child’s chances of survival.  The test is administered twice:  1 minute and  5 minutes after birth.  It tests for heart beat, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability and color.  The scores on the test range from 0 (absent or no response) to 2 (good).

2. What is the age of viability?

►The age of viability is 26 weeks.  Children born before that are very unlikely to survive.

3. What is an open adoption?

►In this form of adoption, there is a degree of communication between the birth parents and the adoptive parents.

4. What is heredity?  What is environment?  Which influences growth and development more?

►Heredity is the sum of all the traits that are passed to a child from blood relatives.  Environment is the sum of all the conditions and situations that affect a child’s growth and development.  Both can equally influence a child’s development.

5. What is development?

►Development is a gradual process of growth through many stages such as infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood.

6. What are the stages of the individual life cycle?

►The individual life cycle starts with

§          neonatal (birth to 2nd week)

§          infancy (2nd week – 1st birthday)

§          toddler (12 – 36 months)

§          preschool (3-6 yrs)

§          school age (6-12 yrs)

7. What are the physical needs of an infant?

►The physical needs of an infant are food, shelter, clothing and medical care

8. What are the forms of child abuse?

►Physical, emotional, sexual and neglect (physical, emotional and educational)

9. What is culture?  How does it affect/influence families?

►Culture is a way of life within a group that includes language, beliefs, attitudes, personal priorities, rituals and skills.

►Everyone is affected by culture in the same way.

10. What is the Family and Medical Leave Act?

►Law that protects the rights of workers of large companies (150 employees or more) to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year for various family related reasons

11. What is the family life cycle?  What are the stages?

►A series of 6 stages that many families go through over the years.  The stages are:

§1. Beginning

§2. Childbearing

§3. Parenting

§4. Launching

§5. Mid-years

§6. Aging

12. Who is Abraham Maslow?

►Developed Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.  Basically you can not achieve your full potential unless your basic needs are met

13. Define infertility

►Unable to conceive after a year of trying

14. What is the role of the family?

►The role of the family is to socialize, nurture and guide and discipline

15. What is ART?

►Assisted Reproductive Technology – methods that infertile couples can use to help them conceive

16. What is a permissive parenting style?

►In this parenting style the parents set NO rules or guidelines.  The children decide for themselves what is right and wrong, acceptable and unacceptable.

►Later the child grows up believing that the parent does not care about them because they failed to set guidelines or boundaries

17. What is environment?

►Environment is the sum of all the conditions and situations that affect a child’s growth and development.

18. What is the best reason for being a parent?

►Sharing your love with a child is the best reason for becoming a parent.

19. What is child development?

►The scientific study of children from conception to adolescence

20. What is psychological maturity?

►Development of the mind and emotions

21. What is GIFT?

►Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer is an ART procedure in which a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed in the woman’s fallopian tubes, where fertilization can take place.

22. Who is Erik Erikson?

►Erikson developed the 8 Stages of Personality Development

23. Explain object concept

►Object Concept is a term Piaget used.  It is the ability to understand that an object, person or event is separate from one’s interaction with it.

24. What is a closed adoption?

►An adoption in which the identity of the birth parents and adopting family are not revealed to each other. 

►There is no exchange of any information between the parties.

25. Explain the difference between passive and active vocabulary

►Passive Vocabulary is the words that a person understands but does not say. 

►Active vocabulary is the words a person using is talking or writing

26. What is the Brazelton Scale?  How does it differ from the Apgar Test?

►A test used to see if a baby has problems interacting with the environment, handling motor processes, controlling his or her physical state or responding to stress.

►It differs fro the Apgar because the Apgar is designed to test a baby’s chances of survival.

27. What is colic?

►A condition  in which a baby has intense abdominal pain and cries inconsolably

28. What are dominant and recessive traits?

►Dominant traits are traits that always show in a person even if only one gene of the pair is inherited for that trait.  Recessive traits are traits that typically do not show is a person unless both genes for that trait are inherited.

29. What is a pediatrician?

►A pediatrician is a doctor who cares for infants and children.

30. Who is a patient in a neonatal intensive care unit?

►Newborns who are considered to be extremely critical.  The are heated completely enclosed beds for newborns who need intensive care.

31. When is a baby considered premature?

►Any baby delivered between 26 weeks and 8 ½ months

32. What is a well baby checkup?

►A routine medical visit in which the doctor examines the baby for signs of good health and proper growth

33. What is a reflex?  What reflexes are we born with?

►A reflex is an unlearn automatic behavior.

► We are born with the following:

§palmar ( grasping)

§plantar (grasping)

§moro (startle)

§babinski (toes fan out)reflexes

§walking

§rooting or sucking

§withdrawal

34. What is the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development? How many substages?  Name them

►First stage of Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development (birth to 2 years) – infants use their senses and motor skills to learn and communicate.

►There are 6 substages:

§1.) Practicing reflexes (birth to 1 month)

§2.) Repeating New Learnings (1-4 months)

§3.) Beginning to Control their World (4-8 months)

§4.) Applying New Learnings to Solve Complex Problems (8-12 months)

§5.) Discovering New Ways to Solve Problems (12-18 months)

§6.) Beginning of Thought (18 -24 months)

35. What is the amniotic sac and what is it purpose?

►The amniotic sac is a fluid filled sac that protects and cushions the baby until birth

36. What is perception?

►Organizing information that comes through the senses.

37. Who is Leboyer and what does he advocate?

►Was a French physician who recognized that the birth process was just as traumatic for the baby as for the mother. 

►He developed a delivery method that focuses on making the baby as comfortable as possible during and immediately after delivery

§Soft lights

§Place the baby on mom’s chest immediately after birth

§Do not cut the cord until it stops functioning-  about 15 minutes

38. Explain object constancy

►The ability to learn that objects remain the same even if they appear different.

39. What is babbling?

►To make a series of vowel sounds with consonant sounds slowly added to form syllables

40. How are fraternal twins formed?

►There are 2 separate eggs in the fallopian tubes that are each fertilized by a sperm.

41. What is a neonate?

►Neonate is a medical term for a baby from birth to one month of age.

42. What is cooing?

►A light, happy sound babies begin to use to communicate between 6 and 8 weeks after birth

43. What is the 4th stage of cognitive development?

►The 4th stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is the formal operations stage (11+ years).  In this stage adolescents are developing the ability to think abstractly.

44. What is IVF?

►In Vitro Fertilization – ART procedure occurs when some of the mother’s eggs are surgically removed and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish and then implanted in the woman’s uterus

45. Who is Sigmund Freud?

►Sigmund Freud was a physician who developed his theory of personality (Id, Ego, Superego) and the 5 stages of Psychosexual Development.  He is credited with developing the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis.

46. What is a surrogate mother?

►A surrogate mother is a woman who bears (sometimes both conceives and bears) a child for a couple

47. Explain object permanence

►The ability to learn that people, objects and places still exist even when they can no longer be seen, felt or heard.

48. What is an authoritarian parent?

►A parent whose main objective is to make a child completely obedient

49. What is a foster family?

►Families in which adults provide temporary homes for children who have been removed from their birthparents

50. What crisis or skill must be achieved in Erickson’s 4th  stage of Development?

►Industry vs. Inferiority – a child should be encouraged to try new things; to use the tools they have been learning. Being overly critical of a child will cause them to feel they do not measure up.

51. Who is Jean Piaget?

►A French social scientist who developed Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.  His theory looked at how people learn.  It begins at birth using our senses and continues through adulthood being able to think abstractly.

52. When does a child know the difference between right and wrong?

►By the time a child is 5 years old they know the difference between right and wrong.  However, they do not understand the consequences of their actions.

53. What issues does surrogacy raise?

►There are moral and legal issues.  Moral issues involving whether someone other than the couple wanting to parent should be involved in the pregnancy.  Legal issues regarding medical expenses, children with disabilities or an unwanted child as a result of an unexpected pregnancy.

54. During pregnancy, when does a mother feel her child?  What is this called?

►Between the 4th and 5th months a mother begins to feel her baby moving.  This is called quickening.

55. When an egg and sperm unite this process is called?

►The uniting of the sperm and egg is called conception or fertilization

56. What is the Lamaze method?

►A delivery method developed by Dr. Lamaze, in which the pregnant woman is trained to use breathing patterns to keep her mind off pain.

57. Why are doctors reluctant to give pregnant women medication?

►All medications can easily pass from the mother to the unborn baby and have adverse reactions in the baby and may even cause birth defects.

58. According to Freud being over or underfed leads to what?  How can we see this in adults?

►Being over or underfed as an infant, according to Freud leads to Oral Fixation: can be seen in adults who thumb suck, nail bite, are alcoholics, overeat, chew gum

59. What is PKU?

►A disease that can cause mental retardation if left untreated by diet.

60. What are the characteristics of effective parents?

►Effective parents are

§sensitive to the needs of others

§ recognize and respect the rights of others

§ understand children’s needs and are prepared to meet these needs.

61. What are motor skills?  When do children obtain them?  Name the types.

►The use and control of muscles that direct body movements. 

►By the 2nd month a child has the beginnings of both gross and fine motor skills.

62. Who determines the sex of a child?

►The father’s sperm determines the sex of the child.  Sperm are either X or Y.  X is female, Y is male.

63. What test is administered to women over 36 or women whose pregnancies are at risk?

►After an ultrasound, an amniocentesis is performed in which a needle is inserted into the abdomen into the amniotic sac and a sample of fluid is removed for cell study

64. What are the differences between Baby Blues, Postpartum depression and Post Partum Psychosis?

►Baby blues is a mild postpartum mood disorder that goes away on its own.  Postpartum depression is a less frequent, but serious form of depression, that can develop after giving birth.  Post partum psychosis is a rare extremely severe mental illness that can result after giving birth.

65. What is an ultra sound? How is it different from an X-ray?

►Ultra sound is a prenatal test in which sound waves bounce off the baby to produce an image of the baby inside the womb.  It differs from X-rays because it uses sound waves not radiation which could hurt the baby.

66. What needs does a newborn have?

►Newborns have physical, intellectual, emotional and social needs

67. Often during a delivery a doctor must make a small incision.  What is this called?

►This incision is called an episiotomy.

68. What determines whether a woman will breast feed or bottle feed an infant?

►A variety of factors will influence this decision: personal preference, schedule, milk production (some women may not produce enough milk for their baby)

69. Explain the differences between crawling, cruising and creeping.  What is the correct order?

►The correct order is crawling, creeping and then cruising. 

§Crawling is pulling using the arms but no lifting the abdomen off the floor.

§Creeping is using the hands and knees or hands and feet with the abdomen off the floor.

§Cruising is walking by holding on to something for support.

70. What is the plantar reflex?

►It is a grasping reflex using the toes.  A newborn’s toes tighten around any object when the ball of the foot is stroked.

71. What is artificial insemination?

►Artificial Insemination is an ART procedure that involves introducing sperm into the vagina by a medical procedure rather than sexual relations

72. What is the palmar reflex and how does it change over time?

►It is a grasping reflex.  A newborn’s fingers tighten around an object placed in the palm.  It changes over time into a voluntary grasping.

73. is discipline?  How is it different from punishment?

►Discipline is the use of methods and techniques to teach a child self-control.  Punishment is the  consequence of a poor choice or bad action

74. What is intellectual development?

►How people learn, what they learn and how they express what they know through language

75. What is the Moro reflex?  Is this an indication of fear in the baby?  Why or why not?

►The moro reflex is also called the startle reflex.  A child will exhibit this reflex when startled.  It is not an indication of fear in an infant because in order to feel fear an infant must know that he/she can be hurt

76. How does an infant talk?

►Infants talk using crying, babbling and/or  cooing depending on their age

77. Explain the Oedipus and Electra complexes discussed in Freud’s work.  When do they appear?     Are they both seen in all children?

►Oedipus complex is the boy’s desire for his mother.  This happens in the phallic stage and is resolved when he sees his father not as a rival but as a role model.  The Electra complex is a girl’s desire for her father.  According to Freud not as intense as the Oedipus complex but it too is resolved when the girl sees her mother as a role model.

78. How does a person develop mistrust?

►Mistrust develops when our needs are no met or are met inconsistently.

79. Can you spoil a baby by picking it up each time it cries?  Why or why not?

►No you can not spoil a baby by picking it up.  Responding to a child will serve to reinforce feelings of trust

80. Why is play important for children?

►Play allows a child to try on adult roles, take on animal roles and use mental images.  It allows them to work through fears and concerns as well as using their imagination.

81. Once a sperm and egg unite the result is called what?

►Once conception has taken place the resulting cell is called a zygote

82. What does perceptual learning involve?

►It is the process of developing perception.  It involves the maturing of sense organs and changes in preferences for certain stimuli changes

83. How are identical twins formed?

►Identical twins are formed when the fertilized egg splits into two separate zygotes

84. What are Mongolian Spots?

►Greenish-blue spots of the backs of babies of African, Mediterranean and Asian decent.

85. How long are eggs viable? How long are sperm viable?

►Eggs are viable for 24 hours and Sperm are viable for 23-48 hours

86. What are fontanels?

►Fontanels are the soft spots on a baby’s head.

87. How many chromosomes do we have?  From where do they come?

►We have 46 chromosomes.  We get 23 from our mother and 23 from our father.

88. Who controls labor contractions?  How do they start?

►No one controls labor contractions.  We do not know what triggers them.

89. What is the difference between attachment and bonding?

►Parent come to love their children soon after birth.  This is called bonding.  Babies whose needs are met come to love their parents.  Children realize this tie after 6 months of age.  This is called attachment.

►Parent bonds with child

►Child attaches to the parent

90. What is gestational diabetes?

►Gestational diabetes is a form of diabetes that a mother can experience during the term of her pregnancy.  It usually disappears after giving birth

91. Define induction, power-assertion and love withdrawal?

►These are forms of discipline. 

§Induction is a technique in which parents discipline using reasoning and explaining.

§ Power assertion is a technique in which parents use or threaten to use some form of physical punishment.

§Love withdrawal is a technique in which the parents threaten children with being unloved or suggest some form of parent/child separation.

92. What is jaundice?

►A liver condition that can make the skin, tissues and body fluids look yellow.  In newborns heat lamps are used to treat this disorder.

93. What is socialization?

►Socialization is learning to live in a group.  Learning what is acceptable and unacceptable to the group.  Begins with the family unit and then gets generalized to society as a whole.

94. What is sudden infant death syndrome?  What causes it?  How can it be prevented?

►A syndrome in which a baby dies without warning in his or her sleep.  There is no known cause for it.  Placing a baby in a crib face up seems to have reduced the number of reports of SIDS

95. What is the most pleasing sight for an infant?  What is next?  What colors do infants prefer?

►The most pleasing sight is the human face.  They also enjoy bold, black and white patterns, concentric circles or spirals, and diagonal lines.  They prefer reds and blue to yellow or green

96. What is the uterus?

►The organ in which the baby develops and is protected until birth

97. Where does fertilization take place?

►Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube.

98. What is temperament?

►Temperament is the tendency to react in a certain way to events or stimuli.

§Are you high strung?

§Are you easy going?

99. Are we born with emotions?  How do they develop?

►We are not born with emotions.  Emotions are thoughts that lead to feelings that cause changes in the body.

100. What is the definition of Child Abuse?

►The definition of child abuse is any physical or mental threat to a child under the age of 18

101. What is spousal abuse?

►Spousal abuse is violence between spouses that includes but is not limited to hitting, kicking, stabbing, and verbal abuse

102. Explain why shaken baby syndrome can be deadly

►Shaken baby syndrome is the violent shaking of a baby that causes the grey matter of the brain to hit the skull bone and cause bleeding in the brain and swelling.  This may result in retardation, paralysis and even death

103. According to Freud, what does toilet training that is too harsh or too lenient can result in?

►According to Freud, toilet training that is either too lenient or too harsh will lead to an anal fixation

§Anal retentive – compulsively neat, orderly

§Anal expulsive – disorganized, messy, cruel

104. What are stork bites?

►Stork bites are small red blemishes on a baby’s skin that are pressure points from the birth canal.  They will go away by themselves in a few days

105. Should all women breast feed?  Why or why not?

►No all women should not breast feed.  If mom is sick and taking medication or has certain medical conditions breast feeding can infect the baby and possible cause death.

106. Describe Freud’s theory of personality development.

►Freud’s theory of personality development says that the psyche is divided into 3 parts Id (unconscious, operates under the pleasure principle), the Ego (reality Principle) and the Superego (our ego ideal and conscience)

►If the 3 parts are equal then we are balanced and healthy

107. What are the 4 basic cries of an infant?

►The 4 basic cries of an infant are

§Hunger

§Pain

§Bored

§Angry

108. What are gross motor skills?

►Gross motor skills are the use and control of large muscle groups that control the neck, trunk, arm and legs

109. What are fine motor skills?

►Fine motor skills are the use and control of small muscles groups primarily found in the hands

110. What is replication babbling?

Replication babbling is a series of vowel and consonant sounds that are strung together.

►BABA BABA BABA BABA

111. What is latency?

►Latency is Freud’s 4^th stage of Psychosexual Development.  In this stage he said there was a lot of assimilation going on.  It was quiet in terms of outside influences but the individual is trying to figure out his/her place in the family and society

112. Name the various types of family units and its members

►There are family types

§Nuclear – father, mother and children – mom and dad could have been married before but had no children. Mom does NOT work.

§Single Parent – mother or father and children

§Duel career – mother, father and children, mom works

§Extended – mother, father, children, other family members or friends live in the household

§Blended -  A single parent marries

§Adoptive – mother and/or father and adoptive child

§Foster – mother and/or father and foster child

113. What is neglect?

►Neglect is the failure to provide basic necessities for a child.  It falls into 3 categories

§Physical – failure to provide food shelter or clothing

§Emotional  - withdrawal of love, affection or attention

§Educational – failure to insure that your child is attending school

114. What is emotional abuse?

►Emotional abuse is establishing unrealistic expectations for a child and them criticizing them for not achieving them.  It is difficult to prove.  The effect on the child are long lasting and catastrophic.

115. How can families who are in trouble be helped?

Family counseling is one option for families in trouble.  The entire family is seen by a counselor who works with them to identify triggers for certain behaviors and alternative methods of dealing with these behaviors

116.)  Describe the social patterns employed by children while playing.